Dendrite branching psychology11/14/2023 The extensively branched phenotypes of neurons were elaborately depicted by Santiago Ramón y Cajal in the 19th century and have since been an area of extensive research. Dendritic arborization patterns are strikingly different between neuronal types and are dictated by the number and types of synaptic or sensory inputs received and the geometry and size of the receptive fields. Dendrite arborization increases synaptic capacity but is also essential for sensory perception. The capacity of a single axon to form multiple synapses is facilitated by axonal branching, which occurs via bifurcation of the tip of the extending axon or collateral branching from the axon shaft. Mature neuronal circuitry comprises an astounding density of synapses between axons and dendrites or between neurons and effector cells. Here we focus on recent advances in neuronal branching morphogenesis. General reviews on branching morphogenesis have been recently published 1– 4. Experimental science, mathematical studies, and computational modeling have revealed numerous mechanisms and underlying principles of branching morphogenesis in organisms, organs, and single cells such as neurons. The unifying consequence of branching is maximization of surface area, used for self-propagation, efficient exchange of gases and fluids, or storing and relaying of information. These beautiful forms are paramount to function, including mycelial colonization, plant vascularization, and the physiological functions of the circulatory, respiratory, renal, and nervous systems. Elaborate branched structures are present across fungi, plant, and animal kingdoms.
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